Thereby full advantage can be taken of all possible synchronizing power inherently available over the interconnection and at the same time faults and approach of out-of-step condition can be recognized properly. The desirable areas of trip and no trip are mapped, and general specifications for the performance of relay systems are presented in terms of impedance magnitude and angle, Z ?. On these diagrams is charted the dynamic behavior of the interconnected systems during faults and surges of synchronizing power. magnitude Z and impedance angle ?=tan?1X/R is studied by means of ``impedance circle diagrams'' of the interconnecting circuit. Smith Chart for Transmission Line:The various properties of transmission lines may be represented graphically on any of a large number of charts. Read moreĪnalysis of fundamental bases of relaying made as part of the engineering for the 270-mile 154-kv interconnection between systems of Nebraska Power Company and Kansas Gas and Electric Company reveals that, of current, phase angle, impedance, and impedance angle, none alone offers satisfactory discrimination among open-circuit, short-circuit, and load conditions.
Furthermore, the most comprehensive FOM are presented to evaluate the fabricated EIS. The fabricated nonuniform EIS operating from 0.8 to 2.5 GHz, exhibits a good agreement between theory and measurement. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed nonuniformly distributed structure can not only improve the Smith chart coverage but also reduce the size, compared to the uniform counterpart. Then, a particle swarm optimization method is introduced to optimize the proposed nonuniformly distributed EIS, which comprises an adjusting circuit and a nonuniformly distributed circuit. In this paper, we propose and present, first of all, a semiclosed-form design procedure for the distributed EIS. figures of merit (FOM) were chosen to optimize and evaluate the EIS. The previous designs of the EIS were mostly based on the empirical data instead of a closed-form design. The Smith chart was developed by the electrical engineer Phillip H Smith around 1939 It is a useful graphical aid for matching impedances of circuit. Benefiting from advantageous features of fast tuning, small size, and easy integration, the electronic impedance synthesizer (EIS) has been developed for on-wafer load-pull characterization systems, tunable matching networks, reconfigurable devices and systems, and so on.
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